Stockton Municipal Code
Chapter 5
PUBLIC WELFARE, MORALS AND POLICY

Part XXI
GRAFFITI

SEC. 5-780. FINDINGS.
In order to prevent graffiti and to provide an immediate and practical method, to be cumulative with and in addition to other provisions of this Code, Government Code section 53069.3, and other remedies available at law, of combating the effects of graffiti vandalism on public and privately-owned structures and real property, the City Council of the City of Stockton hereby finds that graffiti is detrimental to property values, degrades the community, causes an increase in crime, is inconsistent with the City's property maintenance goals and aesthetic standards, is obnoxious, is a nuisance, and, unless it is quickly removed from public and private property, results in other properties becoming the target of graffiti. It is the intent of the City Council, through the adoption of this notice to all of those who callously disregard the property rights of others, that the law enforcement agencies of the City, including the Police Department and the City Attorney’s Office, will strictly enforce the law to its maximum extent and severely prosecute those persons engaging in the defacement of public and private properties.
(Amended by Ordinance 007-95 C.S. — Effective March 29, 1995) (Added by Ordinance 030-91 C.S. — Effective July 4, 1991) (Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007)

SEC. 5-781. DEFINITIONS:
In addition to those definitions contained in Chapter 1, section 1-020, of this Code, the following definitions shall also apply:
(a) "Graffiti" means any inscription, word, figure, or design that is marked, etched, scratched, inscribed, marred, drawn, sprayed, painted, pasted or otherwise affixed to, or on, any surface, without authorization in advance from the owner thereof.
(b) "Demand for Payment" means an invoice for graffiti abatement costs prepared by the City containing the location and description of defaced property, a summary of graffiti abatement actions performed, a listing of abatement costs and expenses incurred by the City, and the basis for the determination of the Responsible Person or offender.
(c) "Property" means real or personal property, whether publicly or privately owned, within the City limits.
(d) "Pressurized container" means any can, bottle, spray device or other mechanism designed to propel liquid or similar material which contains ink, paint, chalk, dye or other similar substance which is expelled under pressure, either through the use of aerosol devices, pumps or similar propulsion devices.
(e) “Responsible Person” means any person or entity who is the owner or who has primary responsibility for the repair or maintenance of the Property.
(f) "Structure" means the same as defined in the Uniform Building Code.
(g) "Surface" means the exposed area of any object, including, but not limited to, walls, fences, sidewalks, curbs, street lamp poles, utility poles, trees and vegetation, signs, and/or trash receptacles.
(Amended by Ordinance 013-98 C.S. — Effective July 23, 1998) (Added by Ordinance 030-91C.S. — Effective July 4, 1991) (Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007) (Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007)

SEC. 5-782. NUISANCE:
It is hereby declared that graffiti is obnoxious and a public and private nuisance, and is subject to abatement and punishment as defined in this Code.
(Repealed and Amended by Ordinance 013-98 C.S. — Effective July 23, 1998) (Added by Ordinance 030-91C.S. — Effective July 4, 1991) (Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007)

SEC. 5-783. GRAFFITI PROHIBITED:
(a) It shall be unlawful for any person to apply graffiti upon any public or privately owned property, structure, or surface within the City of Stockton.
(b) It shall be unlawful for any person who owns or is otherwise in control of any real property within the City of Stockton, even if it is located in the City right of way, to permit or allow any graffiti to be placed upon or remain for longer than 48 hours on any surface located on such property and visible to the public.
(Repealed and Amended by Ordinance 013-98 C.S. — Effective July 23, 1998) (Added by Ordinance 030-91C.S. — Effective July 4, 1991) (Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007)

SEC. 5-784. REMOVAL OF GRAFFITI:
(a) It is unlawful for a Responsible Person to permit property that has been defaced with graffiti to remain so defaced for a period longer than 48 hours after notification by the City of the existence of graffiti on the property which must be removed. Property shall be considered no longer defaced when the graffiti is removed or the defaced area is covered by paint that is similar in shade and color to the surface upon which the graffiti is placed.
(b) For the purposes of this section, notification to the Responsible Person shall be by posting a notice on the property to be cleaned that the graffiti must be removed within 48 hours.
(Repealed and Amended by Ordinance 013-98 C.S. — Effective July 23, 1998) (Added by Ordinance 030-91C.S. — Effective July 4, 1991) (Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007)

SEC. 5-784.1. RIGHT OF CITY TO REMOVE:
(a) Use of Public Funds. Whenever the City becomes aware, or is notified and determines, that graffiti is so located on public or privately owned property viewable from a public or quasi-public place within the City, the City shall be authorized to use public funds for the removal of same, or for the painting or repairing of same, but shall not authorize or undertake to provide for the painting or repair of any more extensive area than that where the graffiti is located, unless the Chief of Police, or his/her designee, determines that a more extensive area is required to be repainted or repaired in order to avoid an aesthetic disfigurement to the neighborhood or community.
(b) Right of Entry. If a Responsible Person fails to remove graffiti within 48 hours of being notified by the City, the Chief of Police or his/her designee (including an independent contractor) shall have the right to enter onto the property, paint over or remove said graffiti.
i. Notice – Method of Service. Before entering onto a person’s property to abate graffiti, the City shall notify the Responsible Person in writing of its intent to do so. Said notice shall be served by any of the following methods:
A. Delivering to and leaving personally with the Responsible Person or a person of suitable age and discretion who resides or is employed at the property (“personal service”); or
B. Certified mail, postage prepaid, return receipt requested to the last known address of the Responsible Person (simultaneously, a duplicate notice may be sent by regular mail, postage prepaid); or
C. If the graffiti is on attended or occupied property, by posting or hanging a notice on the defaced property in a manner most likely to give actual notice to the Responsible Person. All multiple property owners shall establish an agent for service of process with an address and facsimile number where the owner can be notified during normal business hours (8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.). Successful delivery of a notice to the agent’s address or successful transmission of a facsimile to the number provided shall be an acceptable method of service for multiple property owners.
ii. Notice – When Served. The notice shall be deemed served and the Responsible Person considered notified at the time of personal service; or the successful delivery of the certified letter (or the third day after mailing of the duplicate notice); or 48 hours after the notice is posted on the property; or when a facsimile is successfully transmitted to the multiple property owner’s agent for service of process. Actual notice shall cure any defect in the effort to provide constructive notice.
iii. Contents of Notice. The notice shall include the Stockton Municipal Code section being violated; the property address or location where the graffiti has been observed; the date(s) and time(s) the graffiti was observed; a description of the corrective action required and time limit – including the need to use paint which is similar in shade and color to the structure or item upon which the graffiti is painted; the consequences of failing to comply, all hearing and appeal rights; and the name of the issuing officer or staff member.
iv. Securing Owner Consent. Prior to entering onto private property for the purpose of graffiti removal, the City shall attempt to secure the written or oral consent of the Responsible Person, which may be incorporated into the required written notice. The Responsible Person may execute and file with the City a consent form that authorizes the City, without notice, to immediately enter onto the property to paint over any graffiti. Such consent shall be effective indefinitely, until withdrawn in writing by the Responsible Person.
v. Graffiti in “Privacy Areas.” Unless a warrant or proper consent is secured, the City shall not remove or paint over graffiti if it is located in an area where the property owner or occupant has a reasonable expectation of privacy (“Privacy Area”). Likewise, the City shall not remove or paint over graffiti that is not in a Privacy Area if a Privacy Area must be entered to abate said graffiti.
vi. Pre-Abatement Conference. A Responsible Person may request, by telephone, in writing, or in person, that an informal conference be held before the City enters the party’s property to abate graffiti. The request for a conference shall stay the City’s abatement efforts and must be made within 48 hours of being served notice pursuant to subsection (b)(i) of this section. The conference shall be conducted by the Chief of Police or his/her designee. The purpose of the conference shall be to determine the propriety of the City’s impending abatement action. A decision on the validity of that action shall be made and communicated to the Responsible Person before the end of the conference (unless a continuance is necessary). If determined to be valid, the City may abate the offending graffiti 48 hours after the decision.
(Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007)

SEC. 5-785. PENALTY PROVISIONS; ADMINISTRATIVE CITATIONS:
(a) It is the City's intent that, pursuant to California Penal Code Section 640.6(a), all acts of graffiti vandalism occurring within the City shall be prosecuted as misdemeanors pursuant to California Penal Code section 594, et seq., or this Part. Accordingly, any violation of Section 5-783(a) of this Part shall be a misdemeanor punishable by either six (6) months in jail, a $1000 fine, or by such fine and imprisonment, and by the performance of community service in the form of graffiti clean up to the maximum extent permitted by California Penal Code Section 594 and/or any other provision of law.
(b) In addition to all other remedies or penalties provided by law, violation of any of the sections contained in this Part are punishable in the same manner as set forth in section 1-053 et seq. as follows:
(1) $200 administrative citation for the first violation;
(2) $500 administrative citation for the second and subsequent violations.
(c) Violation of any section of this Part, except for Section 5-783(a), may be filed as an infraction or a misdemeanor at the discretion of the City Attorney.
(d) Any person or entity violating any provision of this Ordinance or failing to comply with any of its requirements shall be deemed guilty of a separate offense for each and every day or any portion thereof during which any violation of this Ordinance is committed, continued, or permitted by such person or entity and shall be deemed punishable therefore as provided herein.
(e) Community service in and for the City of Stockton may be imposed by the court, in addition to any penalty imposed pursuant to this Part, where there has been a conviction or guilty or nolo contendere plea to a violation of this Part.
(f) Any community service which is required pursuant to Subdivision (c) of a person under the age of eighteen years may be required by the court to be performed in the presence and under the direct supervision of the person's parent or legal guardian.
(g) If a minor is personally unable to pay any fine or restitution levied for violating this Part, the parent or legal guardian shall be liable for the payment of the fine or restitution for any intentional acts of the minor.
(Repealed and Amended by Ordinance 013-98 C.S. — Effective July 23, 1998) (Added by Ordinance 030-91C.S. — Effective July 4, 1991) (Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007)

SEC. 5-785.1. SEIZURE AND FORFEITURE OF PERSONAL PROPERTY:
All personal property, including, but not limited to, automobiles, motorcycles and bicycles, used or intended to be used in violating this Part is declared a nuisance, and the personal property shall be enjoined and abated. Any person or his or her servant, agent, or employee who owns, leases, conducts, or maintains any such personal property, used for any of the purposes or acts set forth in this Part is guilty of a nuisance. The seizure and forfeiture of such personal property shall be in accordance with the procedures outlined in Section 5 1000, et seq., of this Code.
(Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007)

SEC. 5-785.2. SUSPENSION OR DELAY OF DRIVING PRIVILEGES
For each conviction of a person aged 13 to 21 for violation of Section 5 783(a) of this Part or any state law pertaining to vandalism of property with a graffiti implement, the City shall petition the sentencing court to suspend existing driving privileges or delay the issuance of driving privileges in accordance with California Vehicle Code section 13202.6.
(Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007)

SEC. 5-785.3 PARENTAL CIVIL LIABILITY:
In addition to any other remedy provided herein, each parent or legal guardian shall also be personally liable for any and all costs to any person or business incurred in connection with the removal of graffiti caused by that parent or guardian’s minor child, and for all law enforcement costs, city staff costs, attorney’s fees and court costs incurred in connection with the civil prosecution of any claim for damages or reimbursement in accordance with California Civil Code Section 1714.1.
(Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007)

SEC. 5-786. RECOVERY OF CITY FUNDS AGAINST OFFENDER:
A. Once an offender has been identified by the Police Department or other law enforcement agency and the City has expended funds to remove graffiti, regardless of location, which was caused by the identified offender, the City may recover the funds in accordance with the following procedures:
(1) The Police Department will submit a Demand for Payment, ordering payment to be made to the City within ten (10) days. The demand for payment shall also provide the offender with notice of appeal procedures.
(2) If the identified offender is a minor, then pursuant to Government Code section 53069.3(d), the Police Department will submit a Demand for Payment to the minor and the minor's parents or guardian having custody and control of the minor, ordering payment to be made within ten (10) days. The Demand for Payment shall also provide the parents or guardian with notice of appeal procedures.
B. Appeals from the Demand for Payment shall be made in accordance with sections 1-082 through 1-087 of this Code and must be filed within ten (10) calendar days from the service of the notice.
(1) At the hearing, if one is requested, the minor and the parent or guardian having custody and control of the minor may each be heard and provided with the opportunity to show cause why the City should not recover funds from the minor and the parent or guardian having custody and control of the minor. Following the hearing, the hearing officer shall determine whether the City should recover funds from the minor and the parent or guardian having custody and control of the minor.
(2) If the Administrative Hearing Officer determines that the City should recover funds from the offender or, if a minor, the minor and the parent or guardian having custody and control of the minor, the Administrative Hearing Officer shall issue an order to that effect, and the amount shall be payable to the City. The determination of the Administrative Hearing Officer is final.
(3) Pursuant to Government Code sections 38772, 38773.2 and 38773.6, the parent or guardian having custody and control of the minor shall be jointly and severally liable with the minor for the funds expended by the City. If payment is not made within thirty (30) days from the date of the accounting and Demand for Payment, the payment shall be deemed delinquent and shall be subject to a penalty assessment of One Hundred Dollars ($100) plus interest on the unpaid amount, which interest shall accrue at the rate of one and one-half (1-1/2) percent per month until paid.
(4) In the event the funds have not been paid within thirty (30) days from the date of issuing an accounting and Demand for Payment, the amount unpaid including any penalty and interest thereon, shall constitute a lien pursuant to Government Code sections 38772 and 38773.2 against the property of the minor and against the property of the parent or guardian having custody and control of the minor. Prior to recording a notice of lien, the City shall provide notice pursuant to Government Code section 38773.2. Any such lien not paid by June 30 of each year may, upon adoption of a resolution by the City Council, be collected along with, and in the same manner as, the general property taxes. The liened property shall be subject to the penalties, procedures, and sale in case of delinquency as provided in the Civil Code of California.
(5) As an alternative to a lien and pursuant to Government Code section 38773.6, the funds shall constitute a special assessment against a parcel of land owned by the minor or by the parent or guardian having custody and control of the minor. The assessment shall be collected as provided for in Government Code section 38773.6.
(6) In addition to any other remedy provided herein or available at law, the amount owed pursuant to Government Code section 38772 shall constitute a personal obligation against the offender, or if a minor, the minor and the parent or guardian having custody and control of the minor.
(Repealed and Amended by Ordinance 013-98 C.S. — Effective July 23, 1998) (Added by Ordinance 030-91C.S. — Effective July 4, 1991). (Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007)

SEC. 5-787. ADMINISTRATIVE FEE:
An administrative fee as established from time to time by resolution of the City Council shall be added as part of any abatement proceedings.
(Repealed and Amended by Ordinance 013-98 C.S. — Effective July 23, 1998) (Added by Ordinance 030-91C.S. — Effective July 4, 1991) (Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007)

SEC. 5-788. SALE OF AEROSOL PAINT AND MARKERS — POSSESSION BY MINORS:
All persons offering for sale pressurized containers of paint, indelible or waterproof ink, or other liquid capable of defacing property shall restrict access to those items by placing all such items in a locked counter, cabinet, or other storage facility so that access to them can only be gained by employees, agents, or other authorized representatives. All persons offering for sale markers with a marking tip of one-quarter (1/4) inch or more in width shall keep such markers in a location that is in the constant view of the employees, agents, or other authorized representatives selling such markers.
It shall be unlawful for any person:
(a) To sell, exchange, give, loan or in any way furnish to any person under the age of eighteen (18) years, any pressurized container that is capable of defacing property with permanent, indelible, or waterproof ink, paint or other liquid; or
(b) Under the age of eighteen (18) years to have in his or her possession any pressurized container that is capable of defacing property with permanent, indelible, or waterproof ink, paint or other liquid while (i) upon public property, unless the minor is using the pressurized container under the supervision of a parent, teacher, or legal guardian, or (ii) upon private property without the consent of the owner of such private property; or
(c) To sell, exchange, give, loan, or in any way furnish to any person under the age of eighteen (18) years any marker with a marking tip of one-quarter (1/4) inch or more in width that is capable of defacing property with permanent, indelible, or waterproof ink, paint, or other liquid; or
(d) Under the age of eighteen (18) years to have in his or her possession any marker with a marking tip of one-quarter (1/4) inch or more in width that is capable of defacing property with permanent, indelible, or waterproof ink, paint or other liquid while (i) upon public property, unless the minor is using the marker under the supervision of a parent, teacher, or legal guardian, or (ii) upon private property without the consent of the owner of such private property.
(Repealed and Amended by Ordinance 013-98 C.S. — Effective July 23, 1998) (Amended by Ordinance 008-95 — Effective March 29, 1995) (Added by Ordinance 030-91C.S. — Effective July 4, 1991) (Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007) (Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007)

SEC. 5-788.1. CIVIL RESPONSIBILITY FOR DAMAGES FOR WRONGFUL SALE, DISPLAY OR STORAGE.
Any person who sells, displays or stores any of the graffiti implements listed in Section 5-788 in violation of the provisions of this Part shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be personally liable for any and all costs incurred by any party in connection with the removal of graffiti, or the repair of any property containing graffiti, caused by any person who shall use such graffiti implement in violation of the provisions of California Penal Code Section 594, and for all attorney’s fees and court costs incurred in connection with the civil prosecution of any claim for damages.
(Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007)

SEC. 5-789. SIGNS REQUIRED:
Any person, organization, company, firm, or association engaged in the retail sale of aerosol containers of paint and other liquid substances, or markers with a marking tip of one-quarter (1/4) inch or more in width, capable of defacing property must display at the location of retail sale a sign clearly visible and legible to employees and customers which states as follows:
"IT IS UNLAWFUL FOR ANY PERSON TO SELL OR GIVE TO ANY INDIVIDUAL UNDER THE AGE OF EIGHTEEN YEARS, WHO IS NOT ACCOMPANIED BY A RESPONSIBLE ADULT, ANY AEROSOL CONTAINER OF PAINT OR OTHER LIQUID SUBSTANCE OR MARKERS WITH A MARKING TIP OF ONE-QUARTER INCH OR MORE IN WIDTH, CAPABLE OF DEFACING PROPERTY."
(Repealed and Amended by Ordinance 013-98 C.S. — Effective July 23, 1998) (Amended by Ordinance 007-95 C.S. — Effective March 29, 1995) (Added by Ordinance 030-91 C.S. — Effective July 4, 1991) (Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007)

SEC. 5-790. REPORTING GRAFFITI; REWARD AUTHORITY:
The City of Stockton may pay a reward, as established from time to time by City Council resolution, to any person who provides information which satisfies the Chief of Police or the Chief's designee that there is probable cause to believe a specific person is responsible for the application of graffiti, to a surface of real or personal property. In addition to any fines levied by the City for violation of this Ordinance, any person who has damaged property by inscribing graffiti on public or private property shall be liable for the amount of any reward paid pursuant to this Ordinance and Section 53069.5 of the California Government Code. If such person is an un-emancipated minor, such minor’s parents or guardian are so liable and shall pay such amount to the City.
(Repealed and Amended by Ordinance 013-98 C.S. — Effective July 23, 1998) (Added by Ordinance 030-91C.S. — Effective July 4, 1991) (Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007)

SEC. 5-790.1. RESERVED:
(Repealed by Ordinance 013-98C.S. — Effective July 23, 1998) (Added by Ordinance 007-95 — Effective March 29, 1995)

SEC. 5-791. EASE OF REMOVAL PROVISIONS:
(a) Conditions on Encroachment Permits. Encroachment permits issued by the City may, among other items, be conditioned on: (1) the permittee applying an anti-graffiti material to the encroaching object or structure of a type and nature which is acceptable to the City Manager, or his or her designee; (2) the immediate removal by the permittee of any graffiti; (3) the right of the city to remove graffiti or to paint the encroaching object or structure; (4) the permittee providing the city with sufficient matching paint and/or anti-graffiti material on demand for use in the painting of the encroaching object or structure containing graffiti.
(b) Conditions on Discretionary Approvals. In imposing conditions upon conditional use permits, variances, tentative maps, or other similar land use entitlements or development or design applications, the City may impose graffiti removal requirements or any or all of the following conditions, or other similar or related conditions:
i. Use of Anti-Graffiti Material. Applicant may be required to apply an anti-graffiti material and provide a landscape design of a type and nature which is acceptable to the City Manager, or his or her designee, to such of the publicly viewable surfaces to be constructed on the site deemed by the City Manager, or his or her designee, to be likely to attract graffiti (“graffiti attracting surfaces” hereinafter in this section);
ii. Right of Access to Remove Graffiti. Applicant shall grant, in writing, the right of entry over and access to such parcels, upon forty-eight (48) hours posted notice, by authorized City employees or agents, for the purpose of removing or painting over graffiti on graffiti attracting surfaces previously designated by the City Manager, or his or her designee. Such grant shall be made an express condition of approval and shall be deemed to run with the land.
iii. Supply City with Graffiti-Removal Material. Applicant, and any and all successors in interest, shall, for a specified period of years after approval, provide the City with sufficient matching paint and/or anti-graffiti material on demand for use in the painting over or removal of designated graffiti attracting surfaces.
iv. Owner to Immediately Remove Graffiti. Persons applying for subdivision maps shall, as a part of any conditions, covenants and restrictions, covenant, which covenant shall run with the land, in a form satisfactory to the City, that the owners of the lots shall immediately remove any graffiti placed on publicly viewable trees, rocks and structures thereon to the City’s satisfaction.
(Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007)

SEC. 5-792: PREVENTION PROVISIONS:
a. Design of New Graffiti-Attracting Surfaces. Any applicant for design review approval, conditional use permit, temporary activity permit, land development permit, site plan approval, planned development approval, development agreement, or other form of development or building permit shall, to the extent deemed feasible by the City Manager, or his or her designee, have designed any building structures visible from any public or quasi-public place in such a manner as to consider prevention of graffiti, including, but not limited to, the following: (1) use of additional lighting; (2) use of nonsolid fencing, where permitted; (3) use of landscaping designed to cover large expansive walls such as ivy or similar clinging vegetation; and (4) use of architectural design to break up long continuous walls or solid areas.
b. Retrofit Existing Graffiti-Attracting Surfaces. The following preventative measures may be ordered after providing adequate notice and the opportunity for an abatement hearing pursuant to Sections 1-076, et seq. of this Code. No graffiti need currently reside on the property before instituting such a proceeding, the City must only show that the surface of a structure has been defaced more than four times in six months and that the proposed retrofit is necessary and reasonable.
i. At Owner’s Expense. Any surface of a structure on a parcel of land which has been defaced with graffiti more than four times in six months, or the immediate area surrounding said surface, shall be required to be retrofitted, at the cost of the property owner of said lot, with such features or qualities as may be established by the City as necessary to reduce the attractiveness of the surface for graffiti, or as necessary to permit more convenient or efficient removal thereof. In exercising the authority hereunder, the City may not impose a cost on the property owner greater than $750.
ii. At City’s Cost. The owner of property on which is located a surface of a structure which has been defaced with graffiti more than four times in six months, or the immediate area surrounding said surface, shall permit the city to enter upon and make such modifications thereto, at the City’s cost, which modifications shall include such features or qualities as may be established by the City as necessary to reduce the attractiveness of the surface for graffiti, or as necessary to permit more convenient or efficient removal thereof.
(Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007)

SEC. 5-793. SEVERABILITY:
If any provision, clause, sentence, or paragraph of this Part or the application thereof to any person or circumstances shall be held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect the other provisions of this Part which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end the provisions of this Part are declared to be severable.
(Amended by Urgency Ordinance 001-07 C.S. – Effective January 16, 2007)